Confirming Ramadan

**Establishing Ramadan's Start:** **Method 1: Sighting the Crescent** - By oneself or reliable witness testimony - One trustworthy Muslim's testimony suffices - **Hadith:** "When you see it (the moon), fast" [Bukhari & Muslim] - Ibn Umar informed the Prophet ﷺ he saw it, so he fasted and ordered fasting **Method 2: Completing Sha'ban as 30 Days** - If moon not sighted, complete Sha'ban as 30 days - **Hadith:** "Fast when you see it, break fast when you see it. If it's obscured, complete Sha'ban as 30 days" [Bukhari & Muslim] **No other methods** (not calculation, not astronomy alone) --- **Establishing Ramadan's End:** - Sighting Shawwal's crescent - Requires **two** trustworthy Muslim witnesses - If not sighted, complete Ramadan as 30 days